Chapter 02 / Formation Mechanics
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Water Sculpts Stone

Dissolution begins at the surface
Carbonic acid in rainwater penetrates limestone bedding planes within the first decade of exposure.
Channels form under pressure
Subterranean flow rates increase 200× once passages exceed 3 mm aperture width.
Speleothems record climate in mineral layers
Each centimetre of flowstone represents approximately 100 years of continuous deposition.
The system reaches equilibrium
Pivka River maintains a stable 8–10 °C year-round, balancing dissolution and precipitation.
Speleon Karst Type-Locality Survey
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