III
— On Endurance
07
Craft outlasts commerce — by centuries
Average material endurance by production method, Western Europe 1400–2024
0
150
300
450
600
YEARS OF ENDURANCE
the threshold of craft
12 yr
25 yr
80 yr
200 yr
340 yr
600 yr
Digital Archive
Pulp Paperback
Handwritten Folio
Hand-bound Codex
Oil on Panel
Fresco
MASS PRODUCTION
MASTER'S HAND
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